{"id":455,"date":"2021-05-31T05:21:00","date_gmt":"2021-05-31T05:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/?p=455"},"modified":"2023-01-26T05:31:25","modified_gmt":"2023-01-26T05:31:25","slug":"english-spanish-medical-translation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/2021\/05\/31\/english-spanish-medical-translation\/","title":{"rendered":"Translation (EN > ES) | Medical, Technical"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Sample text taken from Excedr.com<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n


TYPES OF PCR MACHINES<\/strong>

In addition to the standard methods of PCR, several modifications have been developed. By altering how PCR machines operate, they can now be used for a wider variety of applications. Some of the most common types of PCR are:

1. Conventional PCR machine\u00a0<\/strong>
The conventional polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify a target DNA sequence to several million in a short amount of time, usually in just 2-3 hours. It allows the replication of cellular genetic material using a polymerase enzyme to construct specific fragments of DNA.

The polymerase enzyme works alongside a primer which is connected to a strand of DNA, allowing for the synthesis of specific parts of the DNA strand. The result of using primers in this way is the amplification of a chosen DNA sequence, up to millions or billions of copies.

Conventional PCR is used in many areas of study, including medical and diagnostic research, forensic studies and research, selective DNA isolation, amplification and quantification of DNA.
<\/td>		<\/td><\/td>TIPOS DE M\u00c1QUINAS PCR<\/strong>

Se han desarrollado varias modificaciones a partir de los m\u00e9todos est\u00e1ndar de PCR. Al modificar el funcionamiento de las m\u00e1quinas de PCR, se las puede emplear para una mayor variedad de aplicaciones. Entre los tipos de PCR m\u00e1s comunes destacan:

1. M\u00e1quina de PCR convencional\u00a0<\/strong>
La reacci\u00f3n en cadena de la polimerasa convencional se usa para amplificar una secuencia diana de ADN hasta varios millones en poco tiempo, normalmente en apenas 2-3 horas. Permite replicar el material gen\u00e9tico celular utilizando una enzima polimerasa para construir fragmentos espec\u00edficos de ADN.

La enzima polimerasa trabaja junto a un cebador que se conecta a una cadena de ADN, permitiendo la s\u00edntesis de partes espec\u00edficas de esta cadena. El resultado de este uso de los cebadores es la amplificaci\u00f3n de una secuencia de ADN elegida, hasta millones o miles de millones de copias.

La PCR convencional se utiliza en muchas \u00e1reas de estudio, como la investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e9dica y de diagn\u00f3stico, los estudios e investigaciones forenses, el aislamiento selectivo del ADN, o la amplificaci\u00f3n y cuantificaci\u00f3n del ADN.<\/td><\/tr>

2. qPCR<\/strong>
Quantitative PCR (qPCR)<\/a>, also called real-time PCR, or RT-PCR, is a variation of the standard polymerase chain reaction which uses just one machine to combine the amplification of a target\u00a0DNA sequence with the quantification of the concentration of the DNA in any given reaction. This is done using fluorescence-detecting thermocyclers.

Compared to conventional PCR, qPCR provides a faster alternative to facilitate analysis by detecting products in real-time during the exponential phase. Fluorescent dyes signal DNA of interest, and the amount of fluorescence generated is determined by the quantity of DNA present.

There are various models of real-time PCR available, but they all have common features: a standard thermal cycler platform coupled with an excitation source (usually a laser or tungsten lamp), a camera for fluorescence detection, and computer and software for data processing.

qPCR can be used in genotyping and quantification of pathogens, microRNA analysis, cancer detection, microbial load testing and GMOs detection.
<\/td>		<\/td><\/td>
2. qPCR<\/strong>
La PCR cuantitativa (qPCR)<\/a>, tambi\u00e9n llamada PCR en tiempo real o RT-PCR, es una variante de la reacci\u00f3n en cadena de la polimerasa est\u00e1ndar que utiliza una sola m\u00e1quina para combinar la amplificaci\u00f3n de una secuencia objetivo de ADN con la cuantificaci\u00f3n de la concentraci\u00f3n del ADN en una reacci\u00f3n determinada. Para esto se emplean termocicladores con detecci\u00f3n fluorescente.

En comparaci\u00f3n con la PCR convencional, la qPCR ofrece una alternativa m\u00e1s r\u00e1pida que facilita el an\u00e1lisis porque detecta los productos en tiempo real durante la fase exponencial. Los tintes fluorescentes marcan el ADN de inter\u00e9s, de forma que la cantidad de fluorescencia generada est\u00e1 en correlaci\u00f3n con la cantidad de ADN presente.

Existen varios modelos de PCR en tiempo real, pero todos comparten sus principales caracter\u00edsticas: un termociclador est\u00e1ndar acoplado a una fuente de excitaci\u00f3n (normalmente un l\u00e1ser o una l\u00e1mpara de tungsteno), una c\u00e1mara para la detecci\u00f3n de la fluorescencia, y un ordenador y un software para procesar los datos.

La qPCR puede emplearse para el genotipado y la cuantificaci\u00f3n de pat\u00f3genos, el an\u00e1lisis de microARN, la detecci\u00f3n del c\u00e1ncer, las pruebas de carga microbiana, y la detecci\u00f3n de OMGs.<\/td><\/tr>

3. Reverse Transcription<\/strong>
Reverse Transcription PCR (RT-PCR) is a variant on conventional polymerase chain reaction which amplifies target RNA. The addition of reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme before PCR means it is possible to amplify and detect RNA targets.

During RT-PCR, RNA molecules are converted into complementary DNA (cDNA). Single-stranded cDNA is converted into double-stranded DNA using DNA polymerase. The resulting DNA molecules can then be used and amplified in a PCR reaction.

RT-PCR is used in gene insertion, research methods, genetic disease diagnosis and cancer detection.
<\/td>		<\/td><\/td>
3. Transcripci\u00f3n inversa<\/strong>
La PCR de transcripci\u00f3n inversa (RT-PCR) es una variante de la reacci\u00f3n en cadena de la polimerasa convencional que amplifica el ARN objetivo. La adici\u00f3n de la enzima transcriptasa inversa (RT) antes de la PCR permite amplificar y detectar los ARNs objetivo.

Durante la RT-PCR, las mol\u00e9culas de ARN se convierten en ADN complementario (ADNc). El ADNc monocatenario se convierte en ADN bicatenario mediante el uso de la ADN polimerasa. Entonces, las mol\u00e9culas de ADN resultantes pueden usarse y amplificarse en una reacci\u00f3n de PCR.

La RT-PCR se utiliza para la inserci\u00f3n de genes, los m\u00e9todos de an\u00e1lisis, el diagn\u00f3stico de enfermedades gen\u00e9ticas y la detecci\u00f3n de c\u00e1ncer.<\/td><\/tr>

4. Nested<\/strong>
Nested PCR is a modification of PCR where non-specific binding is prevented to increase the sensitivity and specificity of the reaction. Nested PCR works by having the first set of primer bind to the outside of the target DNA and amplifies a larger fragment, while a second set of primer binds specifically at the target site in successive PCR reactions.

Nested PCR is great for use in phylogenetic studies and in the detection of different pathogens. This is due to the higher sensitivity brought by Nested PCR compared to conventional PCR. Even if a sample contains lower DNA, Nested PCR allows this sample to be amplified.
<\/td>		<\/td><\/td>
4. Anidada<\/strong>
La PCR anidada es una variante de la PCR donde se evita la uni\u00f3n no espec\u00edfica para aumentar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la reacci\u00f3n. La PCR anidada funciona haciendo que un primer juego de cebadores se una al exterior del ADN objetivo y amplifique un fragmento mayor, mientras que un segundo juego de cebadores se une de forma espec\u00edfica al lugar objetivo en las reacciones de PCR sucesivas.

La PCR anidada es ideal para los estudios filogen\u00e9ticos y la detecci\u00f3n de diversos pat\u00f3genos. Esto responde a la mayor sensibilidad que aporta la PCR anidada en comparaci\u00f3n con una PCR convencional. Incluso si una muestra contiene menos ADN, la PCR anidada permite amplificarla.<\/td><\/tr>

5. Hot Start<\/strong>
Hot start PCR is a new form of the conventional polymerase chain reaction which reduces the occurrence of undesired products and formation of primer-dimers due to non-specific DNA amplification at room temperatures.

This works by keeping the different elements of the reaction separate until the mixture reaches the denaturation temperature after heating.

Hot start PCR can often increase product yields in comparison to conventional PCR. It also requires less effort than conventional PCR and reduces the risk of contamination.
<\/td>		<\/td><\/td>
5. Arranque en caliente<\/strong>
La PCR de arranque en caliente es una nueva forma de reacci\u00f3n en cadena de la polimerasa convencional que reduce la aparici\u00f3n de productos no deseados y la formaci\u00f3n de d\u00edmeros de cebadores debido a la amplificaci\u00f3n no espec\u00edfica del ADN a temperatura ambiente.

Funciona manteniendo separados los distintos elementos de la reacci\u00f3n hasta que la mezcla alcanza una temperatura de desnaturalizaci\u00f3n tras calentarla.

Con frecuencia, la PCR de arranque en caliente puede aumentar la obtenci\u00f3n de productos en comparaci\u00f3n con la PCR convencional. Tambi\u00e9n requiere menos esfuerzo que la PCR convencional, y reduce los riesgos de contaminaci\u00f3n.<\/td><\/tr>

6. Digital (dPCR)\u00a0<\/strong>
Digital PCR devices, or dPCR, are the most accurate devices on the market. They provide absolute counts of target DNA with enhanced increased sensitivity, precision, and reproducibility. Digital polymerase chain reaction is poised to disrupt molecular analysis technology on every level.

There are two types of dPCR machines:

Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR):<\/strong>\u00a0ddPCR uses Taq polymerase to amplify targeted DNA in a complex sample. To simplify the processing, ddPCR emulsifies samples in oil and uses fluorescence to process and analyze the results. Before analysis, the sample is divided into droplets and thermocycled, then run through a 96 well PCR plate. This separation process is the primary difference between ddPCR and qPCR

qdPCR:<\/strong>\u00a0The qdPCR process is based on integrated fluidic circuits (chips). While chip-based techniques have a narrower dynamic range, they provide extremely precise sample partitioning and vastly lower variance.

On the forefront of detection technology, ddPCR and qdPCR are top-of-the-line processing machines with a high price tag to match. Fortunately, it\u2019s cheaper to lease.<\/td>		<\/td><\/td>
6. Digital (dPCR)\u00a0<\/strong>
Los dispositivos PCR digitales, o dPCR, son los m\u00e1s precisos del mercado. Proporcionan recuentos absolutos del ADN objetivo con mayor sensibilidad, precisi\u00f3n y reproducibilidad. La reacci\u00f3n en cadena de la polimerasa digital est\u00e1 llamada a revolucionar la tecnolog\u00eda del an\u00e1lisis molecular a todos los niveles.

Existen dos tipos de m\u00e1quinas dPCR:

PCR digital de gotas (ddPCR):<\/strong> la ddPCR utiliza la polimerasa Taq para amplificar el ADN objetivo en una muestra compleja. Para simplificar el proceso, la ddPCR emulsiona muestras en aceite y utiliza la fluorescencia para procesar y analizar los resultados. Antes del an\u00e1lisis, la muestra se divide en peque\u00f1as gotas y es sometida a un termociclado, para despu\u00e9s pasarla por una placa de PCR de 96 pocillos. Este proceso de separaci\u00f3n es la principal diferencia entre la ddPCR y la qPCR

qdPCR:<\/strong>\u00a0El proceso de la qdPCR est\u00e1 basado en circuitos flu\u00eddicos integrados (chips). Aunque las t\u00e9cnicas basadas en chips tienen un rango din\u00e1mico m\u00e1s estrecho, permiten obtener una partici\u00f3n de la muestra extremadamente precisa y una varianza mucho menor.

Situadas a la vanguardia de la tecnolog\u00eda de detecci\u00f3n, la ddPCR y la qdPCR son m\u00e1quinas de procesamiento de alta gama con un precio igualmente elevado. Por suerte, se las puede alquilar de forma m\u00e1s asequible.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sample text taken from Excedr.com. TYPES OF PCR MACHINES In addition to the standard methods of PCR, several modifications have been developed. By altering how PCR machines operate, they can now be used for a wider variety of applications. Some of the most common types of PCR are: 1. Conventional PCR machine\u00a0The conventional polymerase chain […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":462,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/455"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=455"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/455\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":470,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/455\/revisions\/470"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/462"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=455"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=455"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/edcv-translation.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=455"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}